NEW ORLEANS (AP) — Immigrants who grew up in the United States after being brought here illegally as children were among close to 200 demonstrators who gathered Thursday outside a federal courthouse in New Orleans, where three appellate judges heard arguments over the Biden administration's policy shielding them from deportation.

At stake in the long legal battle playing out at the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals is the future of about 535,000 people who have long-established lives in the U.S., even though they don't hold citizenship or legal residency status, and they could eventually be deported.

"I live here. I work here. I own a home here," said María Rocha-Carrillo, 37. She traveled from her home in New York to join the demonstration and was on the front row of a packed courtroom as the hearing started. She said she was brought to the U.S. at age 3 when family members immigrated from Mexico, where she was born. She could not get a teaching certificate until the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program allowed her to build a career in education.

Opponents of DACA weren't in evidence among the demonstrators. But opponents, chiefly Texas and eight other Republican-dominated states, have said in court arguments and legal briefs that they incur hundreds of millions of dollars in health care, education and other costs when immigrants are allowed to remain in the country illegally.

As the hourlong hearing opened, Brian Boynton, arguing for the Biden administration, said the states have no standing to sue because they have demonstrated no harm caused by DACA. He said his argument is bolstered by Supreme Court decisions made since the 5th Circuit heard and rejected that contention in 2022.

Judge Jerry Smith pushed back. "I don't understand how you get anywhere with that argument," Smith said, stating that the Supreme Court precedents don't contain unequivocal language that would require the appeals court to back off its previous finding.

Judge Stephen Higginson seemed more willing to consider the argument.

"A dramatic or sea change in analysis allows us to follow the Supreme Court instead of errant 5th Circuit law?" Stephenson asked.

"That's correct," replied Boynton.

Judges on the panel gave no indication when or how they will rule. The case will almost certainly wind up at the Supreme Court.

Former President Barack Obama first put the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program in place in 2012, citing inaction by Congress on legislation aimed at giving those brought to the U.S. as youngsters a path to legal status and citizenship. Years of litigation followed. President Joe Biden renewed the program in hopes of winning court approval.

But in September 2023, U.S. District Judge Andrew Hanen in Houston said the executive branch had overstepped its authority. Hanen barred the government from approving new applications, but left it intact for existing recipients, known as "Dreamers," during appeals. Boynton asked the 5th Circuit judges to keep that policy while appeals continue if they rule against DACA.

Defenders of the policy argue that Congress has given the executive branch's Department of Homeland Security authority to set immigration policy, and that the states challenging the program have no basis to sue.

"They cannot identify any harms flowing from DACA," Nina Perales, vice president of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, said at a news conference this week.

The Texas Attorney General's Office did not respond to an emailed interview request. The other states challenging DACA are Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, South Carolina, West Virginia, Kansas and Mississippi.

Among those states' allies in court briefs is the Immigration Reform Law Institute. "Congress has repeatedly refused to legalize DACA recipients, and no administration can take that step in its place," the group's executive director, Dale L. Wilcox, said in a statement this year.

The panel hearing the case consists of Smith, nominated to the 5th Circuit by former President Ronald Reagan; Edith Brown Clement, nominated by former President George W. Bush; and Higginson, nominated by Obama.

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This version corrects the spelling of DACA recipient María Rocha-Carrillo's name. It had been incorrectly spelled as Marea Rocha Carrillo.